Glossary P

- Pre Operational Stage (2 - 7 years) (Piaget) : Pre Operational Stage refers to the 2nd of the four (4) stages Piaget uses to define cognitive development.

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Deutsch: Vorbereitungsstadium / Español: Precontemplación / Português: Pré-contemplação / Français: Pré-contemplation / Italiano: Precontemplazione

Pre-contemplation is the first stage in the Stages of Change Model, a psychological framework developed by Prochaska and DiClemente to understand behaviour change, particularly in the context of addiction or unhealthy habits. In the pre-contemplation stage, individuals are not yet considering or intending to make a change regarding a problematic behaviour, either because they are unaware of the issue or are in denial about its impact.

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Pre-interview stage refers to "Stage 0" of the helping relationship, with its primary goal of Counselor being able to prepare for an optimal first professional encounter with the client.

Pre-menstrual Period referes to a period which precedes the menstrual flow and which, theoretically, goes from half the cycle, when ovulation occurs, to flow start.

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Pre-post designs refer to Quasi-experimental and Nonexperimental designs which consist of a series of observations made over time. The goal of the Pre-post designs is to evaluate the effect of an intervening treatment or event by comparing observations made before the treatment versus after the treatment.

Pre-retirement education program refers to a program aimed at educating workers about the broad range of issues they will face in retirement that includes health, adjustment, and finances.

Pre-visualisation refers to a method of mental Rehearsal in which the athlete visualises performance before executing a move. Pre-visualisation can either be literally a picture, pla

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Precedence effect refers to the effect that occurs when two (2) identical or very similar sounds reach a listener’s ears separated by a time interval of less than about 50 to 100 minutes, and the listener hears the sound that reaches his or her ears first.