Glossary E

essential hypertension refers to high blood pressure with no verifiable physical cause, which makes up the overwhelming majority of high blood pressure cases.

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Essentialism refers to the belief that all things, including individuals and groups, have a basic nature which makes them what they are and distinguishes them from others; this basic essence, even though hidden, is relatively unchanging and gives rise to surface-level qualities. Moreover, Essentialism is defined as children’s belief that all living things have an essence that can’t be seen but gives a living thing its identity

Establishing operation refers to a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus.

Estate taxes is defined as taxes levied by the federal government or a state government on the assets of a person who has died

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- Estimated learning potentials (ELPs) : Estimated learning potentials (ELPs) is a term in the SOMPA system, WISC-R scores adjusted for the socioeconomic background of the children. ELPs take the place of IQ scores.

Deutsch: Schätzung / Español: Estimación / Português: Estimativa / Français: Estimation / Italiano: Stima

Estimation in psychology refers to the process by which individuals assess or judge the magnitude, quantity, or probability of various stimuli or events. This cognitive process is crucial in everyday decision-making and various psychological experiments, where individuals are required to make judgments about uncertain outcomes.

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Deutsch: Schätzer / Español: Estimador / Português: Estimador / Français: Estimateur / Italiano: Stimatore

In psychological research, an estimator refers to a statistical procedure or formula used to infer population parameters from sample data. Estimators play a critical role in quantitative studies, enabling researchers to draw conclusions about broader populations based on limited observations. Their properties, such as bias, efficiency, and consistency, determine the reliability and validity of empirical findings.

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Estimator variables refer to the characteristics of the witness, the crime, and the witness’s testimony that are not under the control of the justice system but that may provide information about the likely accuracy of an eyewitness identification