Glossary E

Expectancy effects refers to the tendency for results to be influenced by what experimenters or test administrators expect to find. Expectancy effects is also known as the Rosenthal effect, after the psychologist who has studied this problem intensively.

Expectancy model refers to an approach to alcohol dependence that focuses on cognitive-behavioral and social learning perspectives. According to this view, people acquire the belief that alcohol will reduce stress ; will make them feel more competent socially, physically, and sexually; and will give them feelings of pleasure.

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Expectancy theory refers to Vroom’s theory that motivation is a function of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Expectancy-value theory refers to cognitive approach to motivation that describes decision-making as involving a sort of mental calculus where the most important factors are expectancy of success (feelings of self efficacy) on the one hand, and the values associated with the various options on the other.

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Deutsch: Erwartung / Español: Expectativa / Português: Expectativa / Français: Attente / Italiano: Aspettativa /

The term "expectation" refers to an individual's anticipation or belief regarding a future event, outcome, or situation. Expectations play a significant role in shaping human behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes. Psychologists study expectations to understand how they influence perception, decision-making, motivation, and emotional responses. This concept is essential for comprehending various aspects of human psychology.

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Expectation-lowering procedure refers to a technique that lowers an applicant’s expectations about work and expectations in general

Expectation-states theory refers to an explanation of status differentiation in groups which assumes that group members allocate status to group members judged to be competent at the task at hand and to group members who have qualities that the members think are indicators of competence and potential.

Expectations may refer to (1) what the investigator or the research participant anticipates about the experimental outcome; and (2) views held by oneself or by others about what would be appropriate behavior in a given situation or at a given stage of development.