Glossary I

Deutsch: Instrumentelle Aggression / Español: Agresión instrumental / Português: Agressão instrumental / Français: Agression instrumentale / Italiano: Aggressione strumentale

Instrumental aggression is a form of aggression that is intended to achieve a specific goal. Unlike impulsive aggression, which is characterized by acts of aggression that are carried out in the heat of the moment without forethought, instrumental aggression is premeditated and calculated. This type of aggression is used as a means to an end, such as gaining power, obtaining resources, or achieving a desired outcome.

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Instrumental behaviors refer to behaviors directed toward the achievement of some goal ; behaviors that are instrumental in producing some effect.

Instrumental bias please see Instrumentation.

Instrumental conditioning refers to the case whereby behaviors that people freely choose to perform increase or decrease in frequency, depending on whether they are followed by positive reinforcement or punishment ; conditioning in which a subject learns to make a response that leads to a reward or prevents a punishment; in contrast to classical conditioning, no eliciting stimulus is presented

Instrumental decay is a psychological concept that refers to the decline in behavior that occurs when the reinforcement that previously maintained the behavior is no longer present. This decay occurs over time and can result in a complete cessation of the behavior.

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Instrumental motivation is defined as Interest in learning a second language for utilitarian purposes such as job advancement.

Instrumental orientation refers to the characteristic of Kohlberg’s Stage 2, in which moral reasoning is based on the aim of looking out for one’s own needs

Instrumental reminiscence is defined as reminiscence that emphasizes past accomplishments, past efforts to overcome difficulties, and the use of past experiences to approach current difficulties.