Glossary P

Performance standards are the levels of achievement pupils/students must reach to receive particular grades in a criterion-referenced grading system, for example grades higher than 90 receives an A, between 80 and 90 receives a B, and so on

Performance-contingent reward refer to a reward that are based on how well an individual performs a task.

Performing stage refers to the fourth and final stage of the team process, in which teams work toward accomplishing their goals.

- Periaqueductal gray (area) : Periaqueductal gray are refers to an area of the mid-brain that, when stimulated, decreases pain; area of the brainstem that is rich in Enkephalin synapses.

Perimysium refers to the connective tissue surrounding the fasciculus of skeletal muscle fibers.

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Perinatal environment refers to the environment surrounding birth. Perinatal refers to the time around birth, both before and after birth

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In the psychological context, perinatal grief refers to the profound sense of loss experienced by parents due to the death of a baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or shortly after birth. It includes complex emotions such as sadness, guilt, and anger. This often requires specialized psychological support, and individuals in need should explore mental health care in Chicago or any other city for coping and healing.

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Perinatal hypoxia refers to an oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery which is an obstetrical complication that may be especially important in neurological development.