Deutsch: Neurotische Bedürfnisse / Español: Necesidades neuróticas / Português: Necessidades neuróticas / Français: Besoins névrotiques / Italiano: Bisogni nevrotici /
Neurotic needs refer to ten (10) irrational defenses against Anxiety that become a permanent part of Personality and that Affect behavior.
While debatable, many agree that Horney's
theory of neurosis is the best that exists today. She looked at neurosis in a different light, saying that it was much more continuous with normal life than other theorists believed. Furthermore, she saw neurosis as an attempt to make life bearable, as an interpersonal controlling and coping technique.
Horney thought it a mistake to think that neuroses in adults is caused by abuse or neglect in one's childhood. She, instead, named parental indifference the true culprit behind neurosis. The key to understanding this phenomenon is the child's perception, rather than the parent's intentions, she said. A child may feel a lack of warmth and affection if a parent, who is otherwise occupied or neurotic themselves, makes fun of their child's thinking or neglects to fulfill promises, for example.
Using her clinical experience, Horney named ten (10) particular patterns of neurotic needs. They are based on things that all humans need, but that are distorted in some because of difficulties within their lives. As she investigated them further, she found that she could clump the ten (10) into three (3) broad coping strategies:
1. The first strategy is compliance, also known as the moving-toward strategy or the self- effacing solution. Most children facing parental indifference use this strategy. They often have a fear of helplessness and abandonment, or what Horney referred to as basic anxiety. This strategy includes the first three needs: the need for affection and approval, which is the indiscriminate need to both please others and be liked by them; the neurotic need for a partner, for someone else to take over one's life, encompassing the idea that love will solve all of one's problems; and the neurotic need to restrict one's life into narrow boarders, including being undemanding, satisfied with little, inconspicuous.
(2) Second broad coping strategy is aggression, also called the moving-against and the expansive solution. Here, children's first reaction to parental indifference is anger, or basic hostility. Needs four through eight fall under this category. The fourth need is for power, for control over others, and for a facade of omnipotence. Fifth is the neurotic need to exploit others and to get the better of them. Another need is for social recognition and prestige, with the need for personal admiration falling along the same lines. The eighth neurotic need is for personal achievement.
(3) The final coping strategy is withdrawal, often labeled the moving-away-from or resigning solution. When neither aggression nor compliance eliminate the parental indifference, Horney recognized that children attempt to solve the problem by becoming self- sufficient. This includes the neurotic needs for self sufficiency and independence and those for perfection and unassailability.
While it is human for everyone to have these needs to some extent, the neurotic's need is much more intense, Horney explained. He or she will experience great anxiety if the need is not met or if it appears that the need will not be met in the future. The neurotic, therefore, makes the need too central to their existence. Horney's ideas of neurotic needs mirrored those of Adler in many ways. Together, Adler and Horney make up an unofficial school of psychiatry and they are often referred to as neo-Freudians or Social Psychologists
The ten (10) Neurotic Needs According to Karen Horney which she first listed in her book entitled "Self-Analysis (1942) :
Horney identifies ten strategies and corresponding needs that neurotics develop to cope with their excessive anxiety and feelings of " helplessness and loneliness"
1. The neurotic need for affection and approval
* Indiscriminate need to please others and to be liked and approved of by others;
* Automatic living up to the expectations of others;
* Center of gravity in others and not in self, with their wishes and opinions the only thing that counts;
* Dread of self-assertion;
* Dread of hostility on the part of others or of hostile feelings within self.
2. The neurotic need for a "partner" who will take over one's life
* Center of gravity entirely in the "partner," who is to fulfill all expectations of life and take responsibility for good and evil, his successful manipulation becoming the predominant task;
* Overvaluation of "love" because "love" is supposed to solve all problems;
* Dread of desertion;
* Dread of being alone.
3. The neurotic need to restrict one's life within narrow borders:
* Necessity to be undemanding and contented with little, and to restrict ambitions and wishes for material things;
* Necessity to remain inconspicuous and to take second place;
* Belittling of existing faculties and potentialities, with modesty the supreme value;
* Urge to save rather than to spend;
* Dread of making any demands;
* Dread of having or asserting expansive wishes.
4. The neurotic need for power
* Domination over others craved for its own sake;
* Devotion to cause, duty, responsibility, though playing some part, not the driving force;
* Essential disrespect for others, their individuality, their dignity, their feelings, the only concern being their subordination;
* Great differences as to degree of destructive elements involved;
* Indiscriminate adoration of strength and contempt for weakness;
* Dread of uncontrollable situations;
* Dread of helplessness.
4a. The neurotic need to control self and others through reason and foresight (a variety of 4 in people who are too inhibited to exert power directly and openly):
* Belief in the omnipotence of intelligence and reason;
* Denial of the power of emotional forces and contempt for them;
* Extreme value placed on foresight and prediction;
* Feelings of superiority over others related to the faculty of foresight;
* Contempt for everything within self that lags behind the image of intellectual superiority;
* Dread of recognizing objective limitations of the power of reason;
* Dread of "stupidity" and bad judgment.
4b. The neurotic need to believe in the omnipotence of will (to use a somewhat ambiguous term, an introvert variety of 4 in highly detached people to whom a direct exertion of power means too much contact with others):
* Feelings of fortitude gained from the belief in the magic power of will (like possession of a wishing ring);
* Reaction of desolation to any frustration of wishes;
* Tendency to relinquish or restrict wishes and to withdraw interest because of a dread of "failure";
* Dread of recognizing any limitation of sheer will.
5. The neurotic need to exploit others and by hook or crook get the better of them:
* Others evaluated primarily according to whether or not they can be exploited or made use of;
* Various foci of exploitation--money (bargaining amounts to a passion), ideas, sexuality, feelings;
* Pride in exploitative skill;
* Dread of being exploited and thus of being "stupid."
6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige (may or may not be combined with a craving for power):
* All things--inanimate objects, money, persons, one's own qualities, activities, and feelings--evaluated only according to their prestige value;
* Self-evaluation entirely dependent on nature of public acceptance;
* Differences as to use of traditional or rebellious ways of inciting envy or admiration;
* Dread of losing caste ("humiliation"), whether through external circumstances or through factors from within.
7. The neurotic need for personal admiration:
* Inflated image of self (narcissism);
* Need to be admired not for what one possesses or presents in the public eye but for the imagined self;
* Self-evaluation dependent on living up to this image and on admiration of it by others;
* Dread of losing admiration ("humiliation").
8. The neurotic ambition for personal achievement:
* Need to surpass others not through what one presents or is but through one's activities;
* Self-evaluation dependent on being the very best--lover, sportsman, writer, worker--particularly in one's own mind, recognition by others being vital too, however, and its absence resented;
* Admixture of destructive tendencies (toward the defeat of others) never lacking but varying in intensity;
* Relentless driving of self to greater achievements, though with pervasive anxiety;
* Dread of failure ("humiliation").
9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence:
* Necessity never to need anybody, or to yield to any influence, or to be tied down to anything, any closeness involving the danger of enslavement;
* Distance and separateness the only source of security;
* Dread of needing others, of ties, of closeness, of love.
10. The neurotic need for perfection and unassailability
* Relentless driving for perfection;
* Rumination and self-recriminations regarding possible flaws;
* Feelings of superiority over others because of being perfect;
* Dread of finding flaws within self or of making mistakes;
* Dread of criticism or reproaches.